Tents and Marquees
Event Tents, such as wedding tents are for when you want to make a fantastic outdoor scene. They are generally structures installed at a location for a period of time.
Why A Tent?
Commercial Tents are used as protection from the sun, rain or a gathering place. They can make a stunning and creative atmosphere for any event.
Tent Rentals
Tents can be rented or leased for a day, a weekend, weeks, months, etc. For one or two day events, the Tents are usually installed a few days before the event, depending on scheduling and weather, and remain until a few days after the event. Many rentals are quoted for the entire week, allowing for time to set up and design the interior and exterior. Some Tents are built for exceedingly long-term events and have been installed and remain installed for years.
What Kind of Tent Should I Rent?
Tent rental companies come in all sizes - from small-sized companies with just a few Tents to exceedingly large-sized companies - carrying dozens of several sizes and styles of Tents. Some general rental companies rent from tent rental companies to accommodate their client’s needs.
You may know you want to use a standard Tent for your event, or your event planner may already have in mind to use a Tent. You have options! There are lots of other fantastic
structures and Tent styles out there. Some are unique and make a statement of their own. Ask the rental company you’re working with for a list of the type styles they have on hand.
Usually, the varying types of Tents available in most companies are (the names vary depending of the company):
Folding Tents Easy and fast to use and always in demand. Very popular, because usually is the less expensive tent. Fast, flexible, cost effective and long lasting.
They are used by:
- Corporate brands across most industries
- Government & Council buyers
- SME business marketers
- Franchisees
- Agricultural exhibitors
- Emergency services & community groups
- Folding Tents create brand exposure opportunities.
- You can reach your audience at the right time, in the right place with the right message.
Inflatable Tents An exciting and entertaining alternative Tent. Easy & fast to set up. Be sure they have removable printed roof because in that way you can share the investment with other licences.
What Size Tent Will I Need?
The size of Tent depends on a few factors:
1. The number of guests you expect
2. Layout or seating arrangements or the style of event:
* Reception with what type of tables?
* Speaker engagement with what type of seating?
* Will you need a dance floor?
* Will you need display areas for your products?
If you are interested in a Tent, you can expect to need about 2,000 - 2,500 square feet for 200-seated guests. That could mean a 40 x 60 size Tent (Always ask the Tent rental vendor directly and they’ll give you the best dataabout the size of Tent you’ll need).
Therefore, the key rule is; know what you are going to use your tent for. The choice of tents is astounding, almost on par with the choice of cars that you can buy.
So if you need a tent for the family BBQ, for example, your needs are fairly rudimentry
and your budget may be low. Look for cheap tents that offers a waterproof Polyester roof and a decent warranty for under $600.
If you need a tent for a school or sports club you will need a selection of sizes, and colours. Most plain colour Tents s range between $995- $2900. If you are keen to promote yourself, you can have your names printed for around $150-$300. Printing logos usually cost a little more.
In the last 5 years, portable Tents have become important to businesses for their marketing. The key need for these buyers is a prominent and quality reproduction of their logo. Sign written or printed Tents can be as boring as a website address or they can be a design extravaganza.
Remember, if it is for commercial purposes, the aim is to build recognition of your company with your printed Tent. Printed corporate Tents range in price from $1500- $4000. Good ones will really catch your eye.
Once you have decided on what sort of buyer you are and how you are going to use your Tents, a good Tents company will offer you a choice of frames, a warranty of between 3-5 years and help with designing the printing-if you need it.
For more information about tents, contact Extreme Marquees. We have a range of cheap tents, for all sorts of home and business applications.
New Zealand’s Top Holiday Cities
New Zealand has a radiant array of amazing landscapes. Like enormous mountain ranges, sweeping coastlines, abundant rainforests, deep fiords, snow capped mountains and steaming volcanoes. These panoramic wonders have all made New Zealand an inspired destination for all kinds of holidays.
Fantastic travel packages and holiday specials are available on quality accommodation in modern city hotels and luxurious wilderness lodges at reduced prices. Among the top holiday destinations in New Zealand, Queenstown, Christchurch and Auckland would definitely be there. Travel Online is a distinguished online specialist travel operator and provides fantastic tourist services for New Zealand. Travel Online provides an instant quote and booking service for accommodation in cities right across the country.
Queenstown
The international resort town of Queenstown is situated on the shoreline of Wakatipu Lake. This beautiful region is among the most picturesque locations on the globe. Throughout the year adventurous and exciting sports like jet boating, bungy jumping, and white water rafting take place. This town is the epicentre of the entire world’s bungy jumping activities too. With the advent of winter, the town gets transformed to an alpine wonderland with snowboarders and skiers from all corners of the world assembling at the annual Winter Festival.
There is constant request for Queenstown Accommodation all round the year and Travel Online offers a select group of hotels best suited for New Zealand holidays. 1, 2, 3 or 4 bedroom apartments, with modern facilities, gyms, spas and fantastic views are available at various holiday retreats across the city. Bigger apartments with more bedrooms, tennis courts, private jetties and fitness centres are also available at a higher price. Luxury complexes with studio rooms in the vicinity of cafes, bars, and restaurants are also found in Travel Online’ Queenstown Accommodation selection.
Christchurch
When choosing a place to stay in Christchurch look for hotels that give views over the astounding Victoria Square, across the transfixing Avon River or towards the historic Anglican Cathedral. Situated on New Zealand’s South Island, this cosmopolitan city is always abuzz with fantastic festivals, shopping spots, theaters and art galleries. Hotels overlooking Victoria Square provide visitors with an insight in to the city’s English history.
Individuals accommodated in the vicinity of the Christchurch Cathedral will find hotel rooms with a Manhattan-style feel. Tradition and elegance are everywhere in these hotels along with a keen eye on service excellence. Spacious bedrooms with full-fledged kitchen facilities are common, along with hi-tech conference facilities, resort-like leisure features like spas, saunas, gyms, and swimming pools. Many of these hotels provided by Travel Online are located in the vicinity of the Technology Park, the International Antarctic Centre, and the airport. Travelers who want to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the cosmopolitan life will find suitable accommodation in the majesticcountryside surrounding the city.
Auckland
Auckland, also known as the City of Sails, is located in between 2 harbors and has more boats per person than anywhere on the planet. Within minutes a person has the flexibility of sailing away on yachts to isolated nearby islands, living the high life in the casino, surfing at endless beaches or tasting the exotic wines at local vineyards. Hotels come in stylish and comfortable studios, and luxurious executive / marina suites. Travel Online caters to the tastes of corporate and business tourists and can beat any price seen on Auckland accommodation advertised. Auckland harbor is radiant, and is seen perfectly from atop Sky City and the surrounding accommodation.
Affordable and comfortable apartments are available for casual tourists, equipped with kitchens, laundries, and balconies to provide a wonderful holidaying experience. Visitors to Auckland adore visiting the Antarctic Encounter, which showcases the only penguins present in the sub-Antarctic region. More adventures include cage-bereft shark dives, scuba expeditions and snorkel safaris. New Zealand is waiting.
Travel Online has a wide range of Queenstown accommodation close to all the snow action and cosmopolitan Christchurch accommodation surrounded by all that theatre and art. For holidays in and around the water, Auckland accommodation is as good as anywhere in the world.
Repairing Flooded Carpet: A cheap job is a good job right? Wrong….
Don’t have an amateur 24 hour carpet cleaner come to repair your carpets with water damage. These are the things you need to be careful of:
Overcharging. An amateur water restoration technician may build the job up with superfluous steps. E.g. using dehumidification for drying the flooded carpets may not be needed.
Having the correct equipment. They might hire equipment from hire places for drying the carpet. This is ok to do, but an established water damage cleaner will own all their equipment so they provide a faster response and hopefully a better value job.
The right moisture metre. If they don’t have the correct moisture meter, they won’t be able to see whether the carpet is dry enough. This furthers the risk of future mould. Removal of the mould would then be required.
Specialised. There are a lot of “Carpet Cleaners” in this industry who do water damage work on the “side.” i.e. they don’t complete this kind of repair every day. Be aware of that. Restoring carpet water damage is an art. Removing and repairing and reinstalling the carpet is best to be taken on by a professional, otherwise the carpet can be damaged irrepairably.
You might be pondering, how do I find a professional Flood Restoration Business? Below I have selected some things to look out for when hunting around for a carpet flood damage business:
How large is their Yellow Pages ad slot: This can be a sign of how much repair work they do already. A full-size Yellow Pages advertisement can cost around $50 000. When they have got a bigger ad, you get some assurance that they are established.
Where do they come up in Google? The higher the rank in Google, the more webpage views there are for that business.
What Qualifications do they have? The fundamental qualification they need is a IICRC qualification about Applied Structural Drying and Water Damage Restoration.
Do Insurance companies source them for their carpet damage jobs? This is a great indicator. If insurance companies use them, the business is probably going to be good at their skill. Insurance companies will tend to use the businesses that provide them the better value for their client’s money.
How much Equipment do they have? They should own about 100 Air movers. If they own this many, this means they have been up and running for a good time. We took 8 years to accumulate that many wet carpet drying air movers.
What type of commitment can you get from them with a phone call? Try to pin them down to a set fee for water extraction, water removal and initial inspection. If they won’t give you a fee for this only, you know they are not going to serve you, so go with someone else.
Response Time – Our Water Damage business based in Brisbane is premised to a 59 minute response time for a water damage emergency. The restoration needs to be completed ASAP. Mould can come after a 24 hour period.
If you go by these tips you are sure to locate a Flood Damage Restoration business who can get the job done right.
If you have carpet water damage Brisbane, call us for flooded wet carpet drying. Brisbane storm season is approaching and you may need storm damage carpet cleaning. Brisbane and surrounding areas serviced.
Podiatry as a Career in Australia
As a practicing podiatrist in Brisbane, Australia, I am often asked by clients if podiatry would be a good career for a school leaver to consider . There are many things to recommend a career in podiatry including:
- You can be self employed: This is a choice that is increasingly being denied to other health care providers such as optometrists and even Family Doctors. Big Business controls a lot of health practices. Consider how often you see an independent optometrist these days – can they compete on price with the multinational chains?
- Legal Issues: In Australia (unlike the USA where things are very different), podiatrists very, very rarely get sued . The nature of podiatry practice does not lend itself to accidentally harming one’s patients. Also, you never have to give your customers the bad news that their condition will be terminal.
- Working Hours: Emergency call outs are very unlikely. This is good news for those among us who like their sleep uninterrupted.
- Financial Reward: Whilst it is true that podiatry doesn’t pay as well as being a dentist or medical practitioner, the salary is generally commensurate with other allied health providers.
- Instant Gratification: One of the most rewarding things about being a podiatrist is the instant gratification! People come in with pain and leave happy. You will experience a plethora of bite-sized jobs each day, many with a cure you can provide immediately. From someone that has worked with unanimously grumpy customers in a past career, believe me when I tell you, it makes the day much less stressful when people leave you smiling.
- Philanthropy: Podiatry will give you a great deal of opportunity to help resolve the suffering of your fellow human beings.
- Self – Determination: Podiatry provides a professional the power to determine their own course of action for the benefit of their patients. This is unlike a career in nursing for example where one works under the instruction of a doctor.
- Clear Job roles: The only people who can claim to be a podiatrist are those with a podiatry degree . The clear roles that this demarcates relieves the requirement to find your ‘niche’ after university - as someone with a more generic Bachelor of Science degree might need to do.
- Do you like to travel? There are many places across the world that do not train their own podiatrists including Tasmania, the Northern Territory, all of Asia and all of the Middle East. If you want to see the world, Australian podiatrists can work in any Commonwealth country and are particularly in demand in Singapore, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other far flung fields.
- Variety: In any given day, a podiatrist will see a huge range of complaints. There may be an ingrown toenail or two, a painful corn, a sports injury, some lower back pain and at least a couple of painful plantar fascias. The essence of being a good podiatrist is to be a great problem solver. Each patient is an individual with a unique complaint requiring a well considered solution.
How do you become a podiatrist ?
To qualify as a podiatrist means six Australian Universities:
-
Curtin University
- La Trobe University
- Charles Sturt University
- Queensland University of Technology
- University of South Australia
- University of Western Sydney.
Last year, the entry score for the QUT was OP 8.
Stephanie Cosgrove graduated as a podiatrist from QUT in 1990 and with a Master’s degree in Applied Science (Podiatry) in 1996. Since 1991, she has worked in private practice as a Podiatrist Brisbane. She received three university prizes during her studies, including the award for excellence in design and manufacture of orthotics. Brisbane has been the site of her private practice since 1991 which has grown to four locations and eleven staff. If you want to Walk Without Pain consider a visit to Brisbane’s most innovative podiatry practice today. Call for an appointment now on 1300 A1 Feet.
Eight Steps to Great Web Design
Take charge of getting your site created by a developer and understand the process it will save you money and get you a site that actually works the intended purpose!
1. Comprehending your business and how you are currently positioned in your market.
In order to formulate a site that truly meets your requirements; you first need to have a full comprehension of your business including your products, and/or services and more importantly their market position. You then have to consider how you want to explain your business and what it offers in 7 seconds or less. Sounds impossible? Well that is the average time that a user will consider the point “is this site I searched for?”.
2. Budget and estimation
Have a budget in mind and don’t be afraid to let the developers know what it is. In saying this: BE REALISTIC, $500 will never see a great web site created, nor will they be anything left in the bank to market it.
3. The creative process
Be loaded with example sites and more importantly the elements of the site you like so they can get an understanding of what you would like to see on your site and also what you find frustrating about other sites. This will build a good profile and realise not only what type of site to actualize for you but your tolerance to colours, animations, layouts etc. for your requirements which will allow for fast development. The more interaction and information you allow them in the beginning the more time you will save everybody in the long run by becoming what you want 1st time round. Check with the designers on how many rounds of changes come with the contract, most will allow for a total conceptual redesign only once and 2 rounds of changes after that.
4. Production and Content
After the home page design is made, the developers will more than likely acquire the general layout of this concept and then create the inner page template. It is this template that will be repeated for most of your pages for your site.
Provide your content in a pre-proofed word processed document; don’t get too creative with the document fonts etc. as these will not be preserved when the content is copied into the code of the site. It is preferred that you do use bolding, underlining, headings and sub heading though ,as these highlights are transferred into the site and are very important later on in not only establishing with the reader but for Search Engine Optimisation.
One last tip for content; present a decent amount of content but present it in a way that a reader may attain a summary of what you are trying to get across in the 1st couple of paragraphs and an image or to. The rest of the paragraphs that get into finer details ARE FOR GOOGLE !
5. Development Programming and CMS
If your website contains Content Managed Areas (CMS) or has any other dynamic sections the developers will wrap your design around a content management program such as Joomla or Drupal or they may have a custom built system. Make sure that you get to see how the CMS system operate on another site they have developed or an example site they may have. You need to know that you can utilize and comprehend the system when your site is complete.
6. Testing and training
We work closely with the developers to test your site especially if there are any CMS or special programs that have been made for you. You can guarantee if it is has just been written for you then it will not work 100% first time round. This is a where things can get ugly in the process you must understand the way the program works and test it as if you were normal website user. If it doesn’t make sense to you, odds are it won’t make sense to your audience. Make sure you test your website on more than just your browser, try to test it on Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari. All of these browsers are available to download on the internet for free!
7. Launch – going live
When the developers are ready to put your site live make sure you have finished the above testing step until you are certain that this website is the best representation of your business / product it can be. Remember even though you can change things after going live it is still a poor reflection on your business if there are spelling mistakes or broken images when you launch.
8. Marketing
There is little point in having a website if nobody visits it, make sure as part of you contract you have discussed search engine optimisation and or search engine marketing as part of your website build. This is the absolute most important factor of the whole process. If you are the only one looking at your site then you are in trouble.
Remember Search Engine Optimisation is about 30% Onsite (getting your site correct for Search Engine to index correctly) and 70% Promotion. Any developer who tells you otherwise hasn’t been in the industry too long.
For more information about web design Brisbane, contact Web Site Blue. Our web designers understand marketing as well as design.
Tips to Creating a New Business Logo
A logo is a central step to building a business. It is the face of your business. And like your face expresses the tone of your business, indicates the service and reveals the professionalism or lack there of.
People spend a lot of money on the creation of their logo and walk away with no artwork files. Then a couple months down the track when they require to put signage on their new building they cannot track the design studio down that formulated the original logo for them and so incur costs to have it redone. This is unnecessary and may cause complications when trying to recreate the logo exactly as determined originally.
We have created some basic tips you for to think about when creating a logo. Hopefully these will help you from experiencing any future difficulties.
Tip 1
First things first - you need to decide if you would like your logo to have an accompanying icon. It is advised that if your service or product name is not in your business name then perhaps an icon will help in conveying a clear message across to your target audience.
An icon can add an extra element to your branding in that you could use the icon on its own on collateral where perhaps you are sighting for a more illustrative finish without losing recognition.
A good example of this is the well-known and executed Fedex logo.
Tip 2
Colour can be an crucial decision as it not only could affect the output costs but can also hinder your output use. Consider the end result and what you will be assigning your branding onto in the future. Make sure your designer is aware of this as they should design accordingly.
Tip 3
Make sure you get a back up disk of your logo as a master file and make certain that it includes all the files needed for the different printing formats.
Creative software updates frequently and some programmes become obsolete. Confirm you have a copy of your logo as a PDF - with the text converted to curves.
Tip 4
Using images in your logo is not very easy to accomplish. For example it is hard to to reverse into black and white. Images also have limitations when it comes to size - they can only be reproduced to a certain size before they start pixilation.
Tip 5
Using gradients in your logo is not recommended. This too can have limitations when it comes to output for ie: gradients are hard to reproduce when embroidering fabrics.
Tip 6
Assure sure the font is legible. Some logos need to be reproduced on small pieces of collateral ie: post stamps. It is important that in this case the text is
legible.
Tip 7
Make certain that you collect a copy of your logo in CMYK high resolution 300 dpi (for printing use) and RGB 72 dpi(for web use).
Tip 8
It is important to have a style guide of your logo. It will clearly show you how to use your logo so it looks exactly the same every time it is reproduced. This allows you to keep your corporate image consistent.
Tip 9
Make sure that you get a letter from the design studio declaring that you own the copyright to your logo.
If you follow these tips then not only will you acquire a well-designed logo but you will also own the artwork. And when it comes to reproducing your collateral you will be doing it the most cost effective way.
For logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact graphic design Brisbane today for a free two hour consultation.
How to Create a Style Guide
How many times have you dispatched business cards to print and obtained yet another version of your corporate colour? Ever been excited to see your advert in the latest newspaper and then observed that the crucial tag line is nowhere to be found or your logo has been ruined.
There is only one way to thwart this from happening and that is to use a style guide. Not only will a style guide help you control the reproduction of your logo - it will also help you reinforce your brand recognition – which many argue is one of the strongest selling tools.
We have placed the below steps together for you as a starting point.
Step 1 : Outline the audience for your Style Guide. Is this for staff to put to work in-house or is this for suppliers and contractors to refer to?
Step 2 : Mark what your output uses are. This is important because you will need different logos and file formats for example, black and white publication adverts in comparison to vehicle graphics.
Step 3 : Define the tone for the copy and content required. For example you may requirecopy rules for printed content and then copy rules for website content.
Content rules cover all punctuation rules and how to attribute to the business and team.
Step 4 : Make sure you layout all the design templates so it is clear how and where the logo and branding sits on all the different pieces of collateral that may be repeated.
Step 5 : Confirm to include any contributing logos or logos of business that are associated with you. It’s also important that you mail a copy of the layout to these companies to ensure they accept the layout of their logo as they too may have their own Style Guide and hierarchy layout rules.
Step 6 : Insure that grammar, spelling and contact details are correct.
Step 7 : Assure that when suppliers are using the Style Guide they understand~know~discern~apprehend} that a proof needs to be dispatched~sent~mailed~commissioned}to you to be affirmed as correct.
Get your Style Guide completed and as secure as possible. Then have it saved in an email friendly file format and have a couple printed. Once this is done we strongly advocate a training session – whereby your design studio arrives and trains your staff on how to use the Style Guide and most importantly your brand.
For graphic design Brisbane, logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact Bydaughters today. We help your brand build business.
Projectors: LCD Verses DLP (The downfall of DLP technology)
The common question customers ask when looking for a new projector for the home, office, or classroom is: will I take an LCD projector or a DLP projector? LCD, standing for ‘liquid crystal device’ and DLP, which stands for ‘digital light processing’ are the two commonplace projector imaging technologies. With so many different brands and different types available, it can be challenging for the buyer to make a choice between both technologies. The fact is that LCD projectors give superior image quality and colour accuracy. The next paragraph will explain why DLP projectors struggle with reproducing a similar grade of image quality.
Think of a set of blinds in your house over your bedroom window. By pulling a rod you can turn the shutters open or closed, according to if you want to let light in or not. That is exactly how an LCD projector functions. Each pixel operates like an individual shutter on a set of blinds to either pass light through or to block it. DLP on the other hand is constructed of millions of microscopic mirrors or ‘pixel elements’ as experts like to call them. Each pixel element operates to either reflect light or block it.
How the light source is processed from the point when the projector is switched on to when the content reaches your screen is ultimately important with regard to image quality, brightness and colour accuracy. LCD projectors project white light from the lamp by dividing it into red, blue and green components, by three mirrors which transfer the coloured light to 3 individual LCD panels. The 3 LCD panels form the elements of the image by processing each pixel on and off. The pixels are then projected in a glass prism to send the projector image. Something to understad about LCD projectors is that all three colours are sent onto your projector screen all at once. The way a DLP projector functions is widely different and even the way an image appears is not the same. With DLP, white light from the lamp is projected through a turning colour wheel with transparent red, blue and green segments, at speeds up to 11,000 rpm/s. This method of forming an image forms a sequence of red, blue and green light. The millions of micro mirrors as described above reflect the coloured light on the pixels to form the image elements. The elements of the image are displayed in sequence on the screen, one colour at a time. The viewer’s vision will then combine each coloured element of the image into a total image. From LCD projectors, all colours are available all the time to create the highest brightness and superb colour accuracy. In DLP, only one colour is available at once, causing lower colour brightness and accuracy. Some DLP manufacturers have added a white segment for the colour wheel to improve brightness overall, but this then damages colour accuracy.
I read in forums all the time that DLP gives a higher contrast ratio and ergo must be better quality. For those who do not know, the contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest white to that of the darkest black that the projector is able to produce. DLP projectors do provide high contrast specifications when compared to many LCD projectors. Initially, this can seem to be a benefit, however, in reality, the true black level is determined by the ambient light in the room where the projector is being used. Do not be tricked by contrast specifications on websites and in brochures.
When the content you want to view requires moving images, DLP projection technology can also have image errors, or ‘artifacts’. The most typical artifact that a DLP projector shows with moving images is colour break up. Colour break up is unavoidable in DLP systems because moving images change between the time red, blue and green colours are pulled up. LCD projectors do not have this problem because every colour is processed with the others. DLP builders have developed 3DLP solutions using 3 chips to answer the colour break up issue, but the price tag of these projectors make them not practical for most businesses and consumers.
Another difference between LCD and DLP is how they match the balance for the refractive qualities of light. Remember back to high school science, and recall when they taught you how the different colours of light refract different amounts when shone through the same lens. The disadvantage with DLP projectors is that they take the one same panel and the same lens to project Red, Blue and Green. All 3 colours are obviously different and refract light in a different way. Usually with a DLP projector, an extra yellow colour will show above and a superfluous blue will show below something as simple as a straight black line. In building LCD projectors can be set to remove these effects on the projected image, because each colour is projected on its own LCD panels.
The only veritable benefit (excluding price) with taking a DLP projector is its smaller overall size and weight. However, this is only relevant to transport and needs to be traded off against the image plusses of LCD projectors. If resulting picture quality is vital to you, then the choice is simple. Go with an LCD projector! LCD projectors will consistently produce bright, colourful images with fewer image mistakes. If you desire to find out more about LCD technology in more detail, see this fantastic resource website: Explore 3LCD. If you have any more questions, jump onto Projector Central and send me an email.
Jonathan King is the sales and marketing manager of Projector Central, Australia’s number one online store for projectors. Brisbane-based, Projector Central has been serving Australia for 15 years. For data projectors in the Gold Coast and Interactive Whiteboards, contact Projector Central today.
Yachting and Yacht Clubs
As the Dutch came to dominance in sea power during the 17th century, the first yacht was a pleasure craft used initially by royalty and then by the burghers for the canals and then in the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Racing yachts was incidental, borne from private games. English yachting started with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his return to the English throne in 1660, the city of Amsterdam gave him a 20-metre (66-foot) leisure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he then named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, reigned 1685–88), ordered for more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and back, on a £100 wager. Yachting was found to be popular for the wealthy and royalty, but after that period the fashion did not last.
The first yacht group in the British Isles, the Water Club, was instigated at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard organization, and held much naval panoply and rigour. The closest thing to racing boats was the “chase,” in which the “fleet” pursued an imagined enemy. The club went on, largely as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, when merging with other groups, it became known as the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing began in some ordered method on the Thames about the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland funded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV ascended to the throne in 1820, it came to be known as the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded following a racing argument, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht association had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal sponsorship made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the perpetual site of British racing. The club at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, again at the rise of George IV. Each member was required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing matches for large bids were held, and the society life was superlative. Eventually Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to more than 350 tons.
In North America, yachting began with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and went on when the English took control. Sailing was mostly for fun and rose to its epitome in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which traveled on the Mediterranean Sea and set a minimum of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in that area from the late 19th century. The first persisting American yacht society, the Detroit Boat Club, was formed in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens instigated the New York Yacht Club while on board his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts followed the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century through to the second half of the 19th century. The design of bigger yachts was initially largely affected by the victory of America, which was drawn by George Steers for a group headed by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) had its namesake after its victory at Cowes in 1851. Early yachts were not designed and manufactured in today’s sense, with only a model used. Not until the later half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come about. Not until the 1920s did the application of the study of aerodynamics do for the structure of sails and rigging what it had done earlier for hulls.
Because nearly all sailboats had to be individually manufactured, there came a requirement for handicapping boats as this was before the one-design class boats were designed. Hence, a rating rule came into being, which ended up in the International Rule, taken on in 1906 and amended in 1919. In the present day, one of the rapidly blossoming areas in the field of sailing is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are built to the same specifications in length, beam, sail area, and other areas (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing between those boats can be held on an even keel with no handicapping at all. A great example is the uniform International America’s Cup Class taken on board for yachts in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
For the time that yachting belonged largely for the aristocracy and the rich, money was no object, and the size of boats developed, in both length and weight. The rise and desire of smaller boats came in the later half of the 19th century in the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A trip around the world (1895–98) sailed single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray demonstrated the seaworthiness of less sizeable boats. Later in the 20th century, for the larger part after World War II, smaller racing and pleasure yachts became more common, down to the dinghy, a favoured training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, yachts of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
After the decade 1840–50, in which steam was set to take the place of sail power in public vessels, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were used increasingly in pleasure craft. Sizeable power yachts were developed to a high element, and long-distance sailing turned into a fond pastime of the affluent. The earliest power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; these then gave way to yachts powered by the completely submerged screw or propeller kind of propulsion. As well as naval and merchant craft, auxiliaries carrying both sail and power were the yacht standard for many years. By the latter half of the 20th century, several yachts were still auxiliaries, but the large part were solely power yachts with gasoline or diesel engines.
In the last decade of the 19th century there was a push in the construction of more sizeable steam yachts. In particular of these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, containing triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was operated by a crew of at least 150. The Mayflower, bought by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and was used in active service in World War II.
As larger and more dependable internal-combustion engines were created, many large yachts started using them for power. The creation of the diesel engine, employing heavy oil for fuel, was furthered in World War I. From the decade after that, bigger power-yacht building flourished, climaxing in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. During that time the largest auxiliary yacht constructed was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The manufacture of big power craft fell away from 1932, and the style thereafter was toward smaller, less pricey boats. From World War II, a lot of small naval boats were traded by private owners for conversion to yachts. By the late 20th century, yachting is a widespread loved sport enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually manning and upkeeping their own small pleasure craft. The popularity of craft and owners increased steadily, not only in the traditional areas along the sea but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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Proportional, Progressive, and Regressive taxes
Taxes are categorized by the impact they have on the allocation of income and wealth. A proportional tax is a tax that impinges the same relative liability on all the taxpayers—i.e., when tax liability and income move in the same scale. A progressive tax is recognisable by a greater than proportional rise in the tax liability relative to the rise in income, and a regressive tax is characterizable by a less than proportional increase in the relative liability. Thus, progressive taxes are thought of as removing the lack of equality in income distribution, while regressive taxes are found to have the effect of an increase in these inequalities.
The taxes that are often thought to be progressive include individual income taxes and estate taxes. Income taxes that are categorically progressive, however, could become less so within the upper-income group—particularly if a taxpayer is able to lower his tax base by declaring deductions or by taking some particular income elements from his taxable income. Proportional tax rates which are applied to lower-income groups would also be more progressive if personal exemptions are claimed.
Income measured over the course of a given year does not necessarily provide the most accurate measure of taxpaying ability. For example, transitory rises in income could be saved, and during temporary declines in income a taxpayer might select to provide for consumption by reducing savings. Therefore, if taxation is compared with “permanent income,” it will be less regressive (or more progressive) than if it is made comparable with annual income.
Sales taxes and excises (except those on luxuries) are mostly regressive, because the spread of personal income consumed or spent on a specific good decreases as the amount of personal income is raised. Poll taxes (also called head taxes), calculated as a set amount per capita, obviously are regressive.
It is hard to classify corporate income taxes and taxes on business as progressive, regressive, or proportionate, principally because of uncertainty about the ability of businesses to shift their tax expenses (see below Shifting and incidence). This difficulty of deciding who bears the tax burden rests crucially on whether a national or a subnational (that is, provincial or state) tax is being considered.
In analysing the economic purpose of taxation, it is relevant to differentiate between several concepts of tax rates. The statutory rates will include those nominated in legislature; usually these are marginal rates, but sometimes they are mean rates. Marginal income tax rates note the fraction of incremental income that is taken by taxation when income is increased by one dollar. Thus, if tax onus grows by 45 cents when income grows by one dollar, the marginal tax rate is 45 percent. Income tax legislation usually contain graduated marginal rates—i.e., rates that rise as income grows. Structured analysis of marginal tax rates need to review provisions apart from the formal statutory rate structure. If, for example, a particular tax credit (reduction in tax) falls by 20 cents for each one-dollar rise in income, the marginal rate is 20 percentage points higher than specified by the statutory rates. Since marginal rates specify how after-tax income moves in response to changes in before-tax income, they are the necessary ones for appraising incentive effects of taxation. It is even more difficult to realise the marginal effective tax rate applicable to income from business and capital, as it may depend on considerations such as the structure of depreciation allowances, the deductibility of interest, and the provisions for inflation adjustment. A basic economic theorem grants that the marginal effective tax rate in income from capital is zero under a consumption-based tax.
Average income tax rates signify the fraction of total income that is required in taxation. The pattern of average rates is the one that is in consideration for assessing the distributional equity of taxation. Under a progressive income tax the average income tax rate increases with income. Average income tax rates commonly grow with income, both because personal allowances are allowed for the taxpayer and dependents and due to that marginal tax rates are graduated; on the flip side, preferential treatment of income received mostly by high-income households might swamp these effects, allowing regressivity, as indicated by average tax rates that fall as income increases.
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